WESLEY K. CLARK, HENRIETTA H. FORE and SUZANNE DiMAGGIO convene a task force under the auspices of the Asia Society to ponder how the United States can pursue a new path of engagement with Myanmar.
THE Obama administration's decision to seek a new way forward in United States-Myanmar relations recognises that decades of trying to isolate Myanmar in order to change the behaviour of its government have achieved little. With the ruling generals preparing to hold elections later this year -- for the first time since 1990 -- it is time to try something different.
Attempting to engage one of the world's most authoritarian governments will not be easy. There is no evidence to indicate that Myanmar's leaders will respond positively to the Obama administration's central message, which calls for releasing the estimated 2,100 political prisoners (including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi), engaging in genuine dialogue with the opposition, and allowing fair and inclusive elections. In fact, the recently enacted electoral laws, which have been met with international condemnation, already point to a process that lacks credibility.
This past fall, we convened a task force under the auspices of the Asia Society to consider how the US could best pursue a path of engagement with Myanmar. We concluded that the US must ensure that its policies do not inadvertently support or encourage authoritarian and corrupt elements in Myanmar society.
At the same time, if the US set the bar too high at the outset, it would deny itself an effective role in helping to move Myanmar away from authoritarian rule and into the world community.
During this period of uncertainty, we recommend framing US policy towards Myanmar on the basis of changes taking place in the country, using both engagement and sanctions to encourage reform.
The Obama administration's decision to maintain trade and investment sanctions on Myanmar in the absence of meaningful change, particularly with regard to the government's intolerance of political opposition, is correct.
Yet, there are other measures that should be pursued now. The US should engage not only with Myanmar's leaders but also with a wide range of groups inside the country to encourage the dialogue necessary to bring about national reconciliation of the military, democracy groups, and non-Myanmar nationalities.
The removal by the US of some non-economic sanctions designed to restrict official bilateral interaction is welcome, and an even greater relaxation in communications, through both official and unofficial channels, should be implemented.
Expanding such channels, especially during a period of potential political change, will strengthen US leverage.
To reach the Myanmar people directly, the US should continue to develop and scale up assistance programmes, while preserving cross-border assistance. Assistance to non-governmental organisations should be expanded, and US assistance should also be targeted at small farmers and small- and medium-sized businesses.
Educational exchanges under the Fulbright and Humphrey Scholar programmes and cultural outreach activities should be increased. These programmes produce powerful agents for community development in Myanmar, and can significantly improve the prospects for better governance.
US policy should shift to a more robust phase if Myanmar's leaders begin to relax political restrictions, institute economic reforms, and advance human rights. If there is no movement on these fronts, there will likely be pressure in the US for tightening sanctions.
If there is no recourse but to pursue stronger sanctions, the US should coordinate with others, including the European Union and Asean, to impose targeted financial and banking measures to ensure that military leaders and their associates cannot evade the impact of what otherwise would be less-effective unilateral sanctions.
If a different scenario emerges, it should open the way for a much more active US role in assisting with capacity-building, governance training and international efforts to encourage economic reforms. One priority should be the development of an appropriate mechanism for ensuring that revenues from the sale of natural gas are properly accounted for, repatriated and allocated to meet urgent national needs.
In adjusting its policy towards Myanmar, the US must face reality with a clear vision of what its foreign policy can achieve. US influence is unlikely to outweigh that of increasingly powerful Asian neighbours. Therefore, the US should make collaboration with other key stakeholders, particularly Asean, the United Nations, and Myanmar's neighbours, including China, India and Japan, the centrepiece of its policy.
In every respect, conditions in Myanmar are among the direst of any country in the world, and it will take decades, if not generations, to reverse current downward trends and create a foundation for a sustainable and viable democratic government and a prosperous society.
The US needs to position itself to respond effectively and flexibly to the twists and turns that a potential transition in Myanmar may take over time, with an eye towards pressing the leadership to move in positive directions. -- Project Syndicate
Former Nato supreme commander Wesley K. Clark is a senior fellow at UCLA's Burkle Centre for International Relations, Henrietta H. Fore is a former administrator of USAID and Suzanne DiMaggio is director of Policy Studies at the Asia Society
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