In order to overcome the middle-income trap
Vietnam should focus on becoming competitive in its two areas of great
potential: agriculture and information technology
This sentiment is shared by
Dang Le Nguyen Vu, chairman and founder of Trung Nguyen Coffee. Vu suggests
Vietnam should take Israel’s economic strategy as a model to become a ‘major
power’, arguing that if Vietnam focused on its burgeoning industries of agriculture
and IT it could become a more influential nation. Vu developed his own strategy
and ideas for Trung Nguyen Coffee after consultations with world-renowned
thinkers such as Howard Moskowitz, Joseph Nye, and Michael Porter. Trung Nguyen
Coffee is now available in 60 countries, primarily because of Vu’s vital
investments in innovation and technology.
Hung Dinh, CEO of the multi-million-dollar enterprise
JoomlArt!, believes Vietnam could emulate Vu’s vision because Vietnam now has
five vital conditions for economic development: strong political will,
effective policies, rich human capital, growing infrastructures, and greater
economic experience. Hung believes that Vietnam can follow Israel’s strategy of
investing substantially in venture capital (VC) funds, where money is provided
by investors to start-up firms and small businesses with long-term growth
potential.
Currently, there are few VC companies in Vietnam and
according to experts Vietnam needs at least 20 more to become globally
competitive. In the context of a top-down analysis, Vietnam is creating an
environment conducive to such developments. In October 2012, the 6th Plenum of
the Communist Party of Vietnam’s Central Committee emphasised ‘the need to
continue the strong and synchronous renovation in the organization and
management mechanisms of scientific and technological activities.’ The 6th
Plenum resolved to encourage the private sector, in collaboration with
state-sponsored sources, to set up new VC funds.
From a bottom-up perspective, Vietnam has several IT
companies emerging on the global market. FPT Software is a prominent example,
with revenue surpassing US$1 billion, joining the global top-100 companies in
information technology outsourcing and business process outsourcing. Viettel, a
Vietnamese IT group of US$7 billion in revenue, in addition to the domestic
market, is also extensively investing in parts of Southeast Asia, as well as
Africa, and Central and Latin America in an effort to reach one billion users
worldwide by 2020.
The population and demography of Vietnam are also advantageous. More
than 60 per cent of the population is between the ages of 15 and 65 with the
median age standing at about 26.4, the primary working age, and Vietnam’s focus
on developing human capital has helped it become an attractive venue for
international IT companies. Samsung has recently opened a US$700 million
factory in Bac Ninh, and the Intel chip plant in Vietnam is the company’s
biggest. However, problems abound: Intel has yet to have enough personnel for
its project, and Vietnam still falls short of institutions that can develop
world-class IT engineers, programmers and software workers, indicative that
Vietnam needs more VCs.
In regards to agriculture, Vietnam has 3.8 million acres of
rice and is now one of the world’s top rice exporters. But this land could be
used more efficiently. Local food security experts argue that if one
fourth of rice fields were used for other purposes, Vietnam could still produce
enough rice for domestic consumption and export. Agricultural efficiency could
also be improved if relevant technologies, like those employed by Israel and
Japan, were used. While the two countries have been cooperating with Vietnam on
the ground, more is needed for a better cost-effective agricultural Vietnam.
Developing agriculture will also enable Vietnam to become more environmentally
sustainable
Both Vu and Hung agree that Vietnam must think strategically
to achieve its goals. Vietnam should identify the products that have a
comparative advantage and use the supply power of those niche products to
create leverage for securing other resources. For example, Vietnam could use
its influence as a major contributor to global food security to negotiate
corresponding preferences, including the transfer of germane technologies.
Though Vietnam has such bilateral agreements with Japan, Vietnam can develop
regional arrangements via multilateral forums such as ASEAN, the Asia-Europe
Meeting and APEC.
Vietnam must also address the challenge of market access. As
a WTO member and negotiating party in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement,
Vietnam has begun to engage more actively in global trade. However, Vietnam has
run afoul of anti-dumping rules, and non-tariff barriers have been raised to
prevent Vietnamese products from entering foreign markets.
Finally, a VC-based strategy is feasible given Vietnam’s
modest financial capability and low growth starting point. The development of
agriculture and IT industries in Vietnam will be difficult considering the
obstacles and unexpected challenges, such as the adverse impact of climate
change or the turbulent politics in the South China Sea. Vietnam should confront
those challenges with a wise strategy that can help turn Vietnam into a modern,
environmentally sustainable start-up nation based on its relative
competitiveness.
Le Dinh Tinh is the Deputy Director General at the Institute
for Foreign Policy and Strategic Studies, Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam.
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