Moro
National Liberation Front (MNLF) leader Nur Misuari (L) shaked hands with
Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process Jesus Dureza, after a court suspended
a warrant for Misuari's arrest, at Jolo, in southern Philippines November 3,
2016. (Reuters Photo/Nickee Butlangan)
Nur
Misuari, the mercurial founding chairman of the Moro National Liberation Front,
or MNLF, is back in circulation, back in the limelight, thanks to an old
friend, Rodrigo Roa Duterte, president of the Philippines.
In the days to come, expect Misuari to
stuff the airwaves with his fiery rhetoric.
He had been lying low in his Sulu mountain
lair since 2013 after he led the failed siege of Zamboanga City, in which more
than a hundred of his fighters lost their lives. The bloody siege devastated
the city and many Zamboangeños cannot forgive him for the ordeal he had
inflicted on them. But recently a local judge lifted the warrant for his arrest
and thus he was able to fulfill Duterte’s invitation to participate in
government-sponsored peace talks.
These new talks represent a “third cycle”
in the Mindanao peace process set into motion by the Tripoli Agreement signed
in Libya by the Philippine government and the MNLF in 1976.
The first cycle was the peace talks
between the Philippine government and the MNLF mediated by Indonesia on behalf
of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). It was launched in Cipanas,
West Java, in 1992 and culminated in a Final Peace Agreement signed in
September 1996 in Malacanang, Manila, by the administration of then president
Fidel V. Ramos and the MNLF.
The late foreign minister Ali Alatas was
the overall mediator; ambassador Wiryono Sastrohandoyo chaired the main
committee; while the future foreign minister Hassan Wirajuda chaired the mixed
committee. All the negotiating committees boasted a government panel, an MNLF panel
and a panel of Indonesian mediators.
That cycle was a massive four-year
undertaking that involved 70 meetings at technical level, eight mixed committee
meetings — all held in southern Philippines — and four rounds of formal peace
talks and a final mixed committee meeting held in Jakarta. The Final Peace
Agreement provided for, among others, the integration of 7,500 MNLF fighters
into the Philippine armed forces and the police, and for the socio-economic
development of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM).
The second cycle
But that “Final Agreement” was not really
final, as not all Moro rebels recognized it. There is a breakaway group from
the MNLF that even at that time had grown larger and stronger than the mother
organization. Called the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), this group began
informally negotiating with the Ramos government in 1996, thus starting a
second cycle in the peace process. But Ramos’s successor, Joseph Estrada, took
a harsh view of the MILF and instead of sustaining negotiations, waged total
war against the front. Estrada’s successor, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo tried to
craft her own peace agreement with the MILF, but the Philippine Supreme Court
struck it down as unconstitutional.
Her successor, Benigno Aquino III,
concluded a framework agreement and later a Comprehensive Agreement on
Bangsamoro (CAB) with the MILF. But the legislation that would enable the
implementation of the CAB, the Bangsamoro Basic Law, was killed in Philippine
Congress after 44 elite police officers perished in a mis-encounter with the
MILF early last year. That brought down the curtains on the second cycle of the
Mindanao peace process.
Today the only effective peace agreement
in Mindanao is the Final Peace Agreement mediated by Indonesia. Its
implementation, much delayed in the case of several socio-economic provisions,
is the subject of a tripartite review, with Indonesia representing the
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in that process.
While the second cycle of the Mindanao peace
process was carried out in fits and starts, Misuari was on a downward spiral.
He had been elected unopposed as governor of the ARMM and had been appointed
head of the Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development, supposedly
the transition authority toward a more powerful regional government. He thus
became the most powerful person in Mindanao, next to the president, but he
bungled the opportunity. The common observation is that he had no taste for
governing.
Acts of rebellion
Several of his own colleagues in the MNLF,
accusing him of incompetence as governor, ousted him as chairman in April 2000.
On the eve of elections for his successor as ARMM governor in November 2001, a
vengeful Misuari led a rebellion on Jolo Island and Zamboanga City. When the
rebellion was crushed, he fled to Malaysia but the government there extradited
him to the Philippines where he was detained for some time, but was eventually
released.
On 09 September 2013, a faction of the
MNLF that recognizes Misuari as chairman besieged Zamboanga City. This was on
the eve of the signing of the Comprehensive Agreement on Bangsamoro (CAB)
between the government of Benigno Aquino III and the MILF. Apparently the
attack was an effort to disrupt the peace process. Heavy fighting during the
first 12 days of the three-week crisis resulted in the death of more than 200
persons, a good number of them civilians. Most of the slain, however, were MNLF
fighters.
In the aftermath, Nur Misuari went into
hiding and would not emerge until recently when a newly minted President
Duterte invited him to participate in new peace talks, this time involving both
the MNLF and the MILF.
In simple but impressive rites, Duterte
welcomed him, expressing optimism that he would contribute to the quest for
peace in Mindanao. The question in the minds of many Mindanaoans is whether
Misuari can still be a force for peace. I think he still can. He has a sizable
mass base in the poor villages of Sulu and a comprehensive peace in Mindanao
might be extremely difficult if this mass base were not on board. But the days
are over when his charisma held absolute sway over the Bangsamoro. He must now
adjust to the MILF’s stronger field presence and to the views of other MNLF
factions. One faction is led by no less than Abul Khayr Alonto, his original
MNLF vice-chairman, who now sits on the Duterte cabinet as head of the Mindanao
Development Authority (Minda), and whose portfolio includes the BIMP-EAGA.
Mortality and redemption
Last February, Misuari installed his
eldest son, 39-year-old Haji Uto Karim, a Shariah scholar who is reputedly more
radical than his father, as his vice chairman. A diabetic, Misuari must be
feeling less than subtle intimations of his mortality.
He may yet redeem himself, thanks to
Duterte. He can be a constructive voice in this new effort to roll the good
provisions of all previous agreements between the Philippine government and the
Moro rebels into a single enabling law that will replace Republic Act 9054, the
law that still supports the Final Peace Agreement concluded with Indonesian
mediation.
But he has to tone down his divisive
rhetoric and buckle down to the serious business of negotiating and partnering
with others who also hold robust ideas on what constitutes progress, equality
and justice.
It’s not only Misuari who must change. All
the Moro negotiators, all of them, whether MILF or MNLF, have to transcend the
ethnicity-based grievances and prejudices that now divide the mainland Moros —
the Maguindanaons, the Maranaws and the Iranuns — from the island Moros — the
Tausogs, the Samas and the Yakans.
If they cannot unite for the sake of the
common good, not even a Mindanaoan president like Duterte can help them.
Jamil Maidan Flores is a Jakarta-based
literary writer whose interests include philosophy and foreign policy.
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