“Know the
enemy and know yourself”—Sun Tzu
“No country
has ever benefitted from a protracted war”—Sun Tzu
This month
marked 15 years of fighting in Afghanistan. This makes the war there over
five years and ten months longer than the Soviet-Afghan War. Thousands of
Americans and tens of thousands of Afghans and coalition partners have paid the
ultimate sacrifice trying to stabilize Afghanistan and to prevent the return of
the Taliban. A key reason why the war has protracted is a failure to know
the enemy.
During those 15 years, American and Coalition forces did indeed adapt to
counterinsurgency and counterterrorism operations. The Afghan security
forces have also markedly improved in both quality and quantity. In fact, when
Afghan security forces fight battles and interact with the Taliban, it is the
Afghan forces that generally outmatch their Taliban enemies.
Yet, if we hold what we have, in how we approach the complex strategic
interaction in Afghanistan and Pakistan, then we will continue to pay the
butcher’s bill in Afghan and Coalition blood for the next 15 years. Dig a
hole, fill a hole, dig a hole – we will continue to accept a strategic
stalemate just like we did for the last 15 years.
When facing an insurgency compounded with terrorism, if the
counterinsurgents are not winning, they are losing. The insurgents win by
not losing. Our side has won many battles and succeeded in many actions
but this means nothing when facing a stalemate stemming from strategic
asymmetry.
The reason for this situation is the support that the Taliban benefit
from in Pakistan. Pakistan pretends to be a friend but Pakistan’s
behavior, in its persistent employment of the Taliban and other proxies to sow
violence in Afghanistan, is the behavior of an enemy. The Taliban would
have withered by now without sanctuary and support.
Pakistan’s strategic calculus drives its duplicity. Its
institutions have an ingrained strategic cultural infatuation with maintaining
strategic depth on the country’s western flank in Afghanistan. Pakistan’s
security elites’ paranoia about India and Indian influence in Afghanistan have
led them to consistently foment insurgency and terrorism there to exploit
proxies with whom they exert influence.
Pakistan’s perfidy, in claiming to be a friend that supported our
efforts against the Taliban and al Qaeda while actually regenerating and
directing the Taliban, has imposed a strategic paradox on our efforts to defeat
the insurgency and stabilize Afghanistan.
Defeating an enemy means removing its capacity and its will. The
Coalition has hit the Taliban’s capacity year after year but the will of the
Taliban rests with its regenerative potential and leadership, all protected in
Pakistan’s sanctuary. Pakistan has created this paradox to prevent the
defeat of the Taliban, protract the war, and exhaust our will, potentially
making our capacity irrelevant because we ultimately quit the fight after years
of stalemate.
What stresses sanity is that even while we tolerate the fiction that
Pakistan has been an ally that had been doing all it could do support the war
against terrorists, the Defense Department has essentially recounted Pakistan’s
double game, in the open, every year since 2008 with the Congressionally
prescribed reports on progress in Afghanistan. Almost every report
identifies Pakistan’s support and sanctuary for the Taliban as a major
impediment to strategic success.
A typical 1230 Report noted that Afghanistan continues to face a resilient
insurgency that uses sanctuaries in Pakistan to attempt to regain lost ground
and influence through continued high-profile attacks and assassinations.
Pakistan has also continued to allow Afghan-focused insurgents sanctuary and
support.
The reports usually illumine things like this: “the insurgents
relied on high profile attacks to reassert operational influence in key Pashtun
areas and to influence key audiences at the strategic level.” Other report
insights revealed that Pakistan was still falling short on interdicting and
disrupting the production of IED components, despite greater engagement and
cooperation on the issue.
A report from late 2013 specified, the “Afghan insurgency maintains
sanctuaries in Pakistan, which is a major factor preventing their decisive
defeat in the near term.” Additionally, a “significant portion of the materials
which perpetuate the conflict emanate from or transit through Pakistan.”
A reading of the reports will reveal that most of the materials required
to protract the conflict emanate from or transit through neighboring Pakistan.
For example, “IED, which kill or maim more Coalition and Afghan troop
than any other weapon originate mainly from fertilizer and military or
commercial grade explosives from Pakistan.”
Attentive readers will find in almost every report that sanctuaries in
Pakistan from which the Taliban attack into Afghanistan remain a grave problem
and that “Afghan insurgent groups that attack U.S. and coalition forces
continue to operate from Pakistan.”
In stark terms, the reports acknowledge that the IED threat emanating
from Pakistan remains heavy. The reporting also recognizes that
groups like the Haqqani Network, the favored and most lethal Pakistan proxy,
remain potent forces with the ability to conduct high-profile attacks, directed
at both Afghan and Coalition targets, particularly in Kabul.
The butcher’s bill stemming from
Pakistan’s dissembling has been high, in terms of blood spilled, resources
spent, and the number of years at war. Pakistan’s utter deceit and our
continued delusion that Pakistan is a friend will lead to more of the same over
the next 15 years without a serious change in how we view and treat
Pakistan. It would be hard to imagine a worse friend and it strains
credulity that after what happened on 9/11, the U.S. would choose to ally with
the only country on the planet with its capital city named after Islam, and the
one country that had a singularly significant role in creating Islamist
terrorists over the last 50 years.
When U.S. policy shifted to impel the
ill-conceived imbroglio in Iraq in 2003, Pakistan helped regenerate the
Taliban. The Taliban’s areas of influence then expanded between 2004 and
2008. During the surge in Afghanistan in 2009-2011, the Coalition and the
Afghan forces did assert more influence, taking many areas in the south and
east away from the Taliban. This was fleeting.
Post-2014, with the Operation Resolute Support reduction in coalition forces,
the Taliban, with the help of Pakistan’s support, once again increased their
influence. There are at least three options for the next 15 years.
We can get open eyed and ruthless, and treat Pakistan as the enemy it truly is
by imposing our will, cutting most aid, and using force and coercion where
necessary.
Another possible option is to do to
Pakistan what Pakistan has been doing to the U.S. and its friends. We can
pretend to be an ally but raise havoc inside Pakistan via proxies, cutouts, and
other methods. A potential and ironic first step would be to eliminate the
sources of explosives ingredients inside Pakistan, the principal ammonium
nitrate plants.
The third, and least desirable option is
the status quo, continuing to settle for a strategic stalemate in
perpetuity. In other words, continue to contain and disrupt through
kill and capture operations. These are ephemeral and do not equate to
strategy but in the end disruption and containment are better than doing
nothing.
Continuing to pay out money to Pakistan
for its support in the war against terrorists at the same time that Pakistan,
the enemy, is employing and sustaining its Taliban and other militant proxies
to kill and maim Afghan and Coalition partners is nothing short of strategic
malfeasance.
Colonel Robert Cassidy, Ph.D., U.S. Army,
is the author of three books and a number of articles about irregular warfare
and Afghanistan. He has served a number of tours in Afghanistan and Iraq.
The views in this article are his own and do not represent the views of the
U.S. Army or the U.S. Naval War College.
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