When she
visited Japan for the first time in seven years earlier this month, German
Chancellor Angela Merkel discussed with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe the
importance of working for reconciliation with former enemies and questioned his
policy of restarting nuclear power plants. After Merkel abruptly brought up the
important but sensitive issues, the atmosphere at the talks became noticeably
chillier.
"Comfort women"
Following her talk with Abe, the German chancellor said at a press
conference on March 9, "I didn't come to Japan to offer any advice, but I
can talk about what Germany has been doing" to restore its relations with
its former wartime enemies. In fact, she told Abe how Germany has apologized
for its wartime past. It was clear that she wanted Japan to mend its ties with
China and South Korea, which have been severely damaged because of war-related
issues.
Merkel brought up the issue of the war because
she felt compelled by the opinions of many Germans, who think the Japanese
government has become quite right-wing. While reporting on Merkel's visit to
Japan, Germany's public broadcaster ARD called the government of Abe
"right-wing conservative." It sounded as if the broadcaster
equated the Japanese government with a right-wing party that helped the Nazis
take power before World War II. In other words, the German media is taking
quite a harsh view of Abe's government.
On the other hand, many Germans are genuinely
concerned about the rifts between this country and China and South Korea. Many
German politicians worry about the risk of military confrontation in East Asia.
Merkel appears to have talked about the war because she genuinely wants to see
East Asia remain at peace.
When the Abe government was formed, however,
Germany was more interested in Abenomics, or a set of new economic policy
measures implemented by the Japanese government, as it feared that Japan's
colossal government deficit might create turmoil in the world's financial
markets. When Abe and Merkel met in April last year in Berlin, they talked
about the results of Abenomics and hardly discussed the wartime history.
That began to change last autumn when Japan's
row with South Korea took a turn for the worse over so-called wartime comfort
women. At the same time, Japan's Asahi Shimbun newspaper came under a tidal
wave of criticism from the ruling Liberal Democratic Party and the Japanese
public for running stories about comfort women based on a false account of an
"eyewitness" who said a large number of those women were summarily
rounded up to be forced into prostitution. This fueled concerns in Germany that
the freedom of the press is at risk in Japan.
This prompted Germany to take up the issue of
comfort women. Speaking at the Asahi Shimbun's auditorium, Merkel said, "I
think [a government] needs to listen to various opinions." Then the German
media picked up on this and reported on "Merkel issuing a warning toward
Japan."
Merkel is perceived by the Germans to have done
well in Japan on the grounds that she confronted the Abe government, which has
fallen out with neighboring countries and is trying to restart nuclear power
stations despite public opposition.
Meanwhile, the bilateral relations appear to
have become less friendly. I first went to Germany in the 1970s as a child and
in the nearly 40 years since have traveled there regularly. Never before have I
experienced a chillier attitude toward Japan. When I was flying back to Berlin
on a business trip on March 11, a German university lecturer, whom I had never
met, sat next to me on our plane and disparaged Japan. "I feel nauseated
when I think of Japan because it's a male-dominated country where the status of
women is low," the lecturer said. It is natural to take such a view if you
are exposed almost every day to media criticism of Japan.
While both Japan and Germany do not do much to
communicate with each other, the Germans have grown highly critical of the Abe
government's fiscal, financial and energy policies as well as its stance on
Japan's wartime history. Many other northern European countries share the
opinions aired in Germany. Indeed, it is also true that there are many things
Japan can learn from Germany, looking at the way Berlin pushes ahead with
structural reform to revitalize the economy, improves the government finances
and faces up to war crimes the country committed in the past.
Still, three errors
Merkel's visit to Japan was more conducive to criticism about Japan than
friendship. She discussed with Japanese experts her country's policy to end
nuclear power generation. She talked about the wartime history when she visited
The Asahi Shimbun and met with Abe. She also talked with Katsuya Okada,
president of the Democratic Party of Japan, the largest opposition party. Her
schedule in Japan was filled with events that could help foment criticism of
Japan. Friendship was promoted only when she visited a factory run by a German
company and shook hands with the Japanese humanoid robot Asimo.
Her second mistake was to air direct opinions
at a time when Japan and Germany are not on a solidly friendly footing. She
probably thought she would make no waves as long as she did not directly
criticize Japan in mentioning the wartime past. She probably thought she was
politely criticizing Japan without naming and shaming it. So the German
government was dismayed when Japan reacted so sensitively to her remarks.
Her schedule in Japan also showed that she did
not understand the sentiment of ordinary Japanese. Britain's Prince William,
who visited Japan in late February and early March, traveled to the country's
northeastern region, which was ravaged by the earthquake and tsunami four years
ago, and warmed the hearts of many Japanese. But Merkel only visited places in
and around Tokyo on March 9 and 10 and left Japan a day before March 11, the
anniversary of the disaster. A German government official said her schedule was
too tight. But if she had delayed her departure by half a day and prayed for
the victims, she would have left a better impression in Japan.
Distinct differences
Her third and bigest mistake was to bring up the issue of history,
although she was not well prepared for its outcome.
After meeting with Merkel, DPJ president Okada said
that Merkel had urged Japan to resolve the comfort women issue and said that it
is important that Japan and South Korea reconcile because the two countries
share the same values. The German government began to fear that this remark
might embroil Germany in a row between foreign countries, and a German government
spokesman denied that Merkel had made the statement. Germany must have known
that if it brought up the wartime past, it could be exposed to vitriolic spats
between the ruling Japanese political parties and the opposition, as well as
among Japan, China and South Korea. Germany was not ready for that conflict.
Abe is going to travel to Germany in June to
attend a Group of Seven summit, after which Merkel will visit Japan again to
take part in next year's G-7 summit. Whether the two will discuss the war on
these occasions could weigh on relations between Japan and Germany.
One good thing came out of Merkel's visit to
Japan, however. It has become clear how Germany and Japan differ with each
other. Until now, Japanese were not aware of these differences. Japan should
listen to what Germany has to say, and Germany should do more to improve its
diplomatic skills in dealing with Japan. The two countries should promote
mutual understanding and compromise to forge closer bilateral ties. SHOGO AKAGAWA,
Nikkei staff writer
For many people in Germany, Japan is becoming increasingly irrelevant, as Tokyo's failure to build new relations with China and envision new energy policies puts it out of step with Berlin.
ReplyDeleteThe Berlin Philharmonic orchestra and the Staatskapelle Berlin, the orchestra of the Berlin State Opera, held a joint concert on March 29, 2011. The event, a dream come true for classical music fans, was a fundraiser for victims of the massive earthquake and tsunami that had devastated northeastern Japan just 18 days earlier.
The two star conductors -- Simon Rattle of the Berlin Philharmonic and Daniel Barenboim of the Staatskapelle -- urged people in Germany to help Japan in its time of need. "Unless we do something, our future, too, will become darker," they said. Sympathy toward Japan swelled in Germany.
Four years later, those feelings have almost completely evaporated. Opinion polls, carried out by the BBC and others, show a dramatic change in German people's views toward Japan. In 2012, 58% of German respondents said they thought Japan was making positive contribution to the world. The number had halved to 28% by 2014. The figures for people who thought Japan was having a negative impact on the world jumped from 29% to 46% over the same period. Only Chinese and South Korean respondents had worse opinions of Japan in the worldwide polls.
Drifting apart
ReplyDeleteThe day after the 2011 earthquake, German Chancellor Angela Merkel said she would think about what Germany could learn from Japan. Three months later, Berlin decided to work toward shuttering the country's nuclear power plants. Japan, on the other hand, has continued to cling to nuclear energy despite the disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant. This has deeply disappointed many Germans.
To fiscally sound Germany, Japan seems to be behaving recklessly in taking on massive amounts of debt to prop up its economy. The fact that Japan continues to squabble with China over historic views and jeopardize its success in a huge potential market is also seen critically.
The Bertelsmann Stiftung, a highly influential German foundation, has said that Japan is operating on the wrong policy priorities. The growing view that Japan is "incomprehensible" has dented German people's opinion of the country.
Japan's policy choices are not the only reason relations between the two countries have cooled. Germany and the world order have changed much since the end of the Cold War.
During the past quarter of a century, Germany achieved reunification and worked toward establishing the European Union. The country's ties with European countries are far stronger than ever before. German's public servants "exchange information with their counterparts in other EU countries closely on all levels," according to a German government official, from national leaders, ministers and ambassadors to bureau and section chiefs of various government agencies.
ReplyDeleteAs a leading force in the EU, Germany now stands up to the U.S. when necessary. Merkel, for example, has been in close contact with U.S. President Barack Obama over the conflict in Ukraine. As Germany's standing in the world rose, its ties with major global players became stronger. This has lessened the weight of its ties with Japan relative to those with other members of the Group of Seven.
New partnership needed
Seven decades after World War II, Germany has emerged as a major political and economic power that asserts itself on the global stage. The era of the government keeping quiet and meekly footing the bill for international cooperation to atone the crimes of Nazi Germany is over. The country today is confident to the point that it sometimes comes across as almost arrogant, with politicians occasionally referring Germany as a "model" country. This shift in attitude was evident in Merkel's candid comments about Japan's views on history, energy policy and other issues during her recent visit to Japan, her first in seven years.
Changing global realities have altered the relationship between Japan and Germany, as has the gap in their progresses toward globalization.
ReplyDeleteGermany is now led by a generation that knows Japan only as a country that has been muddling through decades of economic stagnation following the bursting of its asset-inflated economic bubble. The average age of directors at listed German companies is 53. In contrast, the number of people who lived in the times when Germany and Japan were military allies, as well as those who witnessed Japan's dramatic economic ascent in the 1970s and 1980s, is steadily declining.
For Japan to regain the German people's trust and empathy, it must embrace more global viewpoints and policies. Back-and-forth diplomatic visits by national leaders alone will not be enough. Japan must carry out structural reforms, revitalize its economy and escape the inward-looking mentality that permeates both the government and private sectors. SHOGO AKAGAWA, Nikkei staff writer