A think tank called CNA recently issued a 140-page report titled "China versus Vietnam: An Analysis of the Competing Claims in the South China Sea" authored by Raul (Pete) Pedrozo. [1] It provides a further legal rationale for growing US efforts to inject itself into South China Sea exclusive economic zone (EEZ) disputes on behalf of Vietnam and against the People's Republic of China.
A few reasons why attention should be paid.
First, the institution.
CNA is described as a non-profit corporation. A fuller description would be a "US Navy analytic division dating to 1942 that works exclusively for and is funded exclusively by the US government but was corporatized in the 1990s so it could dip its beak into non-DoD government work through a division called the Institute for Public Research".
You could say that "CNA" stands for "Center for Naval Analyses", the name of its antecedent organization. But you'd be wrong, according to CNA, in a "note to reporters and editors": CNA is not an acronym and is correctly referenced as "CNA Corporation, a non-profit research and analysis organization located in Arlington, VA.
So, consider CNA a meaningless collection of letters for a center that does analyses for the Navy and Marine Corps, whose main job is studying systems, tactical, and strategic issues for the USN and USMC. It has one unique regional focus, a "China Studies" division of 20 or so in-house analysts buttressed by "an extensive network of subject-matter experts from universities, government, and the private sector from around the world".
Second, the author, a "subject-matter expert", Captain Pedrozo:
Captain Raul (Pete) Pedrozo, US. Navy (Ret.).
Former Professor of International Law, US. Naval War College; Staff Judge
Advocate, US Pacific Command; and Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of
Defense for Policy.
Fans of PRC maritime disputes are or should be
quite familiar with the work of Captain Pedrozo.
When the PRC harassed the US naval survey vessel USNS Impeccable in 2009 and tried to assert that military surveillance inside the PRC EEZ was a violation of the UN Convention of the Law of the Sea, Captain Pedrozo produced highly important opinions, Close Encounters at Sea: the USNS Impeccable Incident and Preserving Navigational Rights and Freedoms: The Right to Conduct Military Activities in China's Exclusive Economic Zone. [2]
In these documents, Captain Pedrozo made a point of declaring that the USNS Impeccable was not engaged in any sort of anodyne mapping exercises, but was actually conducted military surveillance against PLAN subs, thereby exempting the Impeccable from any UNCLOS obligations to butt out of the PRC EEZ. This argument, judging by the recent dispatch of a PLAN surveillance into the US EEZ during RIMPAC, has apparently won the PRC's acceptance.
Captain Pedrozo's arguments that the PRC was improperly threatening legal military (not commercial) activities inside the PRC EEZ provided the basis for Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's declaration at ASEAN in 2010 that the US had a national interest in protecting freedom of navigation in the South China Sea, and got the whole "pivot to Asia" ball rolling.
Captain Pedrozo, it is safe to say, is a big gun in the anti-PRC lawfare arsenal. In passing, it should be noted he is no friend of the PRC or its maritime pretensions.
Rather amusingly, in 2012 he recommended against against the US government concluding a agreement with the PRC to guard against collisions of naval vessels, largely on the novel grounds that it would encourage what might be termed "excessive Chinese uppitiness":
When the PRC harassed the US naval survey vessel USNS Impeccable in 2009 and tried to assert that military surveillance inside the PRC EEZ was a violation of the UN Convention of the Law of the Sea, Captain Pedrozo produced highly important opinions, Close Encounters at Sea: the USNS Impeccable Incident and Preserving Navigational Rights and Freedoms: The Right to Conduct Military Activities in China's Exclusive Economic Zone. [2]
In these documents, Captain Pedrozo made a point of declaring that the USNS Impeccable was not engaged in any sort of anodyne mapping exercises, but was actually conducted military surveillance against PLAN subs, thereby exempting the Impeccable from any UNCLOS obligations to butt out of the PRC EEZ. This argument, judging by the recent dispatch of a PLAN surveillance into the US EEZ during RIMPAC, has apparently won the PRC's acceptance.
Captain Pedrozo's arguments that the PRC was improperly threatening legal military (not commercial) activities inside the PRC EEZ provided the basis for Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's declaration at ASEAN in 2010 that the US had a national interest in protecting freedom of navigation in the South China Sea, and got the whole "pivot to Asia" ball rolling.
Captain Pedrozo, it is safe to say, is a big gun in the anti-PRC lawfare arsenal. In passing, it should be noted he is no friend of the PRC or its maritime pretensions.
Rather amusingly, in 2012 he recommended against against the US government concluding a agreement with the PRC to guard against collisions of naval vessels, largely on the novel grounds that it would encourage what might be termed "excessive Chinese uppitiness":
[A]lthough an INCSEA [Incidents at Sea] agreement
could, in theory, reduce the possibility of miscalculation during un-alerted
sea encounters between US. and Chinese naval and air forces, there are many
reasons that the United States should not pursue such an arrangement. First,
unlike the Soviet Navy, the PLA Navy is not a "blue water" navy with
global reach and responsibilities. Elevating the PLA Navy to such a stature
would not be in the best interests of the United States… [A]n INCSEA agreement
with the PRC would significantly enhance the stature of the PLA Navy by
suggesting it was a naval power on par with US. and former Soviet Navies . It
would also force the US. Navy to treat the PLA Navy as an equal, something
which it clearly is not. [3]
Rather less amusingly and, I suppose, considerably
more significantly, lack of an INCSEA agreement also will increase US Navy
latitude in peremptorily brushing aside PLAN ships during the maritime
confrontations that, if advocates of a more forward US military posture in
PRC's maritime sphere prevail, will becoming more and more common in the
upcoming years.
Third, the subject matter.
The terminally FUBAR sovereignty issues of the Spratly Islands do receive a thorough parsing, but the main event is the Paracels, the cluster of islands south of Hainan, near Vietnam, completely occupied by the PRC, disputed by Vietnam, and the locale in which the PRC parked the HYSY 981 rig, partly as a signal that the US military presence in the South China Sea was, by Chinese estimation, neither justifiable nor necessary.
Fourth, an interesting question begged by the report, and actually raised in the foreword, by the Project Director, Michael McDevitt:
Third, the subject matter.
The terminally FUBAR sovereignty issues of the Spratly Islands do receive a thorough parsing, but the main event is the Paracels, the cluster of islands south of Hainan, near Vietnam, completely occupied by the PRC, disputed by Vietnam, and the locale in which the PRC parked the HYSY 981 rig, partly as a signal that the US military presence in the South China Sea was, by Chinese estimation, neither justifiable nor necessary.
Fourth, an interesting question begged by the report, and actually raised in the foreword, by the Project Director, Michael McDevitt:
Importantly, this analysis of Vietnamese claims
versus Chinese claims to the Paracel and Spratly archipelagoes was not
undertaken as a prelude to a recommendation that the United States depart from
its long held position of not taking a position on competing sovereignty claims
in the South China Sea. That is not the intent, nor is it one of the
recommendations of the project.
Yeah, so if the US government doesn't take a
position on sovereignty claims, why did the top Navy think tank retain the top
Navy sea lawyer (now retired) to crank out 140 pages of densely argued and
heavily cited verbiage on the topic?
Fifth, the conclusion, a tenacious if not tendentious rebuttal of PRC claims and an unambiguous assertion by Captain Pedrozo of the superiority of Vietnamese claims to both the Paracels and the Spratlys.
Claims, I might add, that are not exactly a slam dunk, as McDevitt acknowledges in his foreword:
Fifth, the conclusion, a tenacious if not tendentious rebuttal of PRC claims and an unambiguous assertion by Captain Pedrozo of the superiority of Vietnamese claims to both the Paracels and the Spratlys.
Claims, I might add, that are not exactly a slam dunk, as McDevitt acknowledges in his foreword:
The Pedrozo analysis differs in part from two other
third party analyses, one by Dr. Marwyn S. Samuels, an American scholar, who
wrote the first detailed study on the origins of the disputes among China,
Vietnam and in the Philippines. A meticulous scholar who used Vietnam and
Chinese sources, his Contest for the South China, holds up very well some 40
years later. Samuels concluded that China had the better claim to the Paracels,
but that China's claim to the Spratly's was "highly questionable."
His judgments were partially echoed by Australian scholar Dr. Greg Austin, who
has legal training. In his well?regarded China's Ocean Frontier, published in
1998. Austin found that China had "superior rights in the Paracels,"
but the legal complexity of the disputed Spratly claims meant that, "PRC
claims to the entire Spratly group are at least equal to any other.
Pedrozo's findings are supported by Professor Monique Chemillier Gendreau in her work, Sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands. Professor Chemillier Gendreau is a legal scholar and Professor Emeritus at Paris University Diderot.
In reviewing all of these works, it is clear to me that in the unlikely event these claims are ever taken to the International Court of Justice to resolve the disputes over sovereignty the process will be long and difficult. None of the claimants has what might be called an "open and shut" legal case - although the consensus among scholars seems to be that China's claims in the Spratlys are weaker than those to the Paracels.
The reality on the ground is that China has occupied the entire Paracel group for 40 years, and short of military action by Vietnam to recapture the archipelago, will never leave.
Pedrozo's findings are supported by Professor Monique Chemillier Gendreau in her work, Sovereignty over the Paracel and Spratly Islands. Professor Chemillier Gendreau is a legal scholar and Professor Emeritus at Paris University Diderot.
In reviewing all of these works, it is clear to me that in the unlikely event these claims are ever taken to the International Court of Justice to resolve the disputes over sovereignty the process will be long and difficult. None of the claimants has what might be called an "open and shut" legal case - although the consensus among scholars seems to be that China's claims in the Spratlys are weaker than those to the Paracels.
The reality on the ground is that China has occupied the entire Paracel group for 40 years, and short of military action by Vietnam to recapture the archipelago, will never leave.
So,
despite US government policy of not taking sides in the South China Sea
sovereignty issue, a US government think tank tasks top Navy lawyer to
investigate the issue, and he comes up with his own revisionist take, assigning
sovereignty to the Vietnamese for islands the PRC "will never leave".
Whassup?
One proximate motive, it can be confidently advanced, is that somebody within the US military establishment wanted to give aid and comfort to Vietnam in its struggle with the PRC (and in support of the burgeoning reform faction inside the Vietnamese Communist Party elite favoring rapprochement with the United States and a concerted anti-China policy). The PRC, in parking the HYSY 981 had cannily advanced EEZ/UNCLOS based arguments for the legality of the location. By the PRC's preferred formula, it was within a few miles of Triton Island, the uninhabited spot of land in the southwest corner of the Paracel archipelago and therefore sheltered by the EEZ of the Paracel "territorial sea", a geographic unity formed out of a scattering of tiny islands within an excessively large body of water with a large unitary EEZ that is, by many interpretations, non-kosher under UNCLOS.
But even if the "territorial sea" was disregarded, the rig was still within 200 nautical miles of Woody Isle, the inhabited "capital" of the PRC's South China Sea empire, which the Vietnamese themselves had admitted deserved EEZ treatment.
But Captain Pedrozo adopts the argument that Vietnam, throughout the tangled strands of French occupation, Japanese occupation, French & KMT reoccupation, decolonization, civil war, the extinction of South Vietnam, and the rise of the People's Republic of Vietnam, had maintained sovereignty over the Paracels. When the PRC occupied the Paracels after a series of bloody skirmishes with Vietnamese forces in the 1970s, it was engaged in conquest, something that has been outlawed as a basis for territorial acquisition by signatories to the UN Charter. Therefore, the PRC occupation of the Paracels can never be legalized unless Vietnam cedes the archipelago to the PRC.
No legal sovereignty, no EEZ. No EEZ, the rig is illegal.
In a comment to an article Captain Pedrozo found excessively conciliatory to the PRC, Captain Pedrozo provided a clear statement of the linkage between sovereignty issues and EEZs in the South China Sea:
Whassup?
One proximate motive, it can be confidently advanced, is that somebody within the US military establishment wanted to give aid and comfort to Vietnam in its struggle with the PRC (and in support of the burgeoning reform faction inside the Vietnamese Communist Party elite favoring rapprochement with the United States and a concerted anti-China policy). The PRC, in parking the HYSY 981 had cannily advanced EEZ/UNCLOS based arguments for the legality of the location. By the PRC's preferred formula, it was within a few miles of Triton Island, the uninhabited spot of land in the southwest corner of the Paracel archipelago and therefore sheltered by the EEZ of the Paracel "territorial sea", a geographic unity formed out of a scattering of tiny islands within an excessively large body of water with a large unitary EEZ that is, by many interpretations, non-kosher under UNCLOS.
But even if the "territorial sea" was disregarded, the rig was still within 200 nautical miles of Woody Isle, the inhabited "capital" of the PRC's South China Sea empire, which the Vietnamese themselves had admitted deserved EEZ treatment.
But Captain Pedrozo adopts the argument that Vietnam, throughout the tangled strands of French occupation, Japanese occupation, French & KMT reoccupation, decolonization, civil war, the extinction of South Vietnam, and the rise of the People's Republic of Vietnam, had maintained sovereignty over the Paracels. When the PRC occupied the Paracels after a series of bloody skirmishes with Vietnamese forces in the 1970s, it was engaged in conquest, something that has been outlawed as a basis for territorial acquisition by signatories to the UN Charter. Therefore, the PRC occupation of the Paracels can never be legalized unless Vietnam cedes the archipelago to the PRC.
No legal sovereignty, no EEZ. No EEZ, the rig is illegal.
In a comment to an article Captain Pedrozo found excessively conciliatory to the PRC, Captain Pedrozo provided a clear statement of the linkage between sovereignty issues and EEZs in the South China Sea:
China
does not have valid territorial claims to the South China Sea islands. To
suggest that Beijing should be permitted to claim an exclusive economic zone
from these islands is counterproductive and will put China one step closer to
achieving de facto control of the South China Sea. ASEAN nations can stand by
and allow China to incrementally solidify its maritime claims in the South
China Sea through threats and coercion or they can stand up to Chinese
brinkmanship before it's too late. [4]
As
to more fundamental reasons why the US defense establishment were willing to
ignore US policy on neutrality in South China Sea sovereignty issues and crank
out 140 pages of pro bono lawyering on behalf of Vietnam, I will put on my
tinfoil hat and advance the following explanation.
My personal feeling is that the PRC was trying to evolve beyond the foolishness of the nine-dash-line and normalize its maritime boundaries in the South China Sea along the lines of sovereignty + UNCLOS + EEZs, especially in anticipation that the UNCLOS Arbitral Commission will probably support the Philippine position on the line's legal insupportability.
The PRC hoped to come to a separate understanding with Vietnam on the Paracels issue, thereby isolating the Philippines as the PRC's crankiest antagonist in the South China Sea, and also demonstrating that the US had zero influence on PRC economic activities in that sea.
So the PRC sent in the HYSY 981. Whether the appearance of the rig was an unannounced outrage, or whether the PRC actually did some preliminary spadework inside the Vietnamese government (including offering some economic incentives for an agreeable attitude) and the HYSY 981 was a planned escalation is an interesting subject for further research.
In any case, it didn't work. The Vietnamese regime was affronted enough-and expressions of moral support from the US, Philippines, and Japan enthusiastic enough-for the HYSY 981 gambit to be thoroughly excoriated.
As to US thinking on the whole South China Sea issue, beyond giving aid and comfort to Vietnam, I suspect that there may be a rather Machiavellian overall strategy at work.
If the PRC succeeds in its long-standing goal of normalizing its South China Sea disputes on favorable terms on a bilateral basis and peace breaks out in the South China Sea, the United States is deprived of a pretext for involvement and an important point of leverage against the PRC.
By a thoroughgoing repudiation of the legality of PRC claims of sovereignty over the Paracels and Spratlys, the US position exposes any PRC EEZ-based South China Sea strategy to increased risks.
If China has to defy the world in the South China Sea, it's perhaps easier to defiantly hold the nine-dash-line than it is to immerse itself in a legal tangle to try and redraw EEZs with a group of angry and emboldened interlocutors based on questionable sovereignty claims. Therefore, the PRC will think twice about abandoning its long-standing nine-dash-line defense of its maritime claims - and there are indications it already has.
Good news for the United States, in my opinion, if China is unable to shake the nine-dash-line incubus. More conflict, more rancor, better PR, ample opportunities for the United States to step in as part of the international community "protecting the EEZ system", an extremely novel and significantly escalatory doctrine Senator Sheldon Whitehouse advanced during his visit to Vietnam with Senator John McCain. [5]
Take Whitehouse's declaration that the United States is the protector of the world EEZ regime, add Pedrozo's determination that the PRC has no sovereignty or EEZ rights in the South China Sea, and we have a fresh strategic and legal rationale for active US involvement in SCS EEZ disputes.
Or, to put it less charitably, combine dubious US doctrine and bullshit US lawyering (and the predictable assistance of a complaisant Western press and compliant allies) and the United States can unilaterally declare a compelling national interest to intervene in bilateral economic disputes thousands of miles from home ... and declare China an outlaw in its own maritime backyard!
That precious core interest in the South China Seas isn't yours, Mr Chicom. It's America's. Bwahahaha!
Clever ... if "clever" is defined as "institutionalizing conflict in the South China Sea instead of resolving it" and "ignoring the fact that national and international forces that cannot be reversed or controlled have been set in motion".
This might not turn out to be the US leadership for whichthe Association of Southeast Asian Nations is notoriously pining.
As to whether this is a US government stratagem, or just an initiative by the growing number of China hawks in the US military/security establishment, I guess time will tell. But both PRC and US hawks are stepping up their game in response to the perceived drift of the distracted Obama administration.
On the occasion of a close fly by by a Chinese fighter against a US surveillance plane (perhaps engaged in run of the mill surveillance flight but perhaps encroaching on a PLA military exercise), the Washington Times' Bill Gertz presented a hawks-eye view of USN China policy:
My personal feeling is that the PRC was trying to evolve beyond the foolishness of the nine-dash-line and normalize its maritime boundaries in the South China Sea along the lines of sovereignty + UNCLOS + EEZs, especially in anticipation that the UNCLOS Arbitral Commission will probably support the Philippine position on the line's legal insupportability.
The PRC hoped to come to a separate understanding with Vietnam on the Paracels issue, thereby isolating the Philippines as the PRC's crankiest antagonist in the South China Sea, and also demonstrating that the US had zero influence on PRC economic activities in that sea.
So the PRC sent in the HYSY 981. Whether the appearance of the rig was an unannounced outrage, or whether the PRC actually did some preliminary spadework inside the Vietnamese government (including offering some economic incentives for an agreeable attitude) and the HYSY 981 was a planned escalation is an interesting subject for further research.
In any case, it didn't work. The Vietnamese regime was affronted enough-and expressions of moral support from the US, Philippines, and Japan enthusiastic enough-for the HYSY 981 gambit to be thoroughly excoriated.
As to US thinking on the whole South China Sea issue, beyond giving aid and comfort to Vietnam, I suspect that there may be a rather Machiavellian overall strategy at work.
If the PRC succeeds in its long-standing goal of normalizing its South China Sea disputes on favorable terms on a bilateral basis and peace breaks out in the South China Sea, the United States is deprived of a pretext for involvement and an important point of leverage against the PRC.
By a thoroughgoing repudiation of the legality of PRC claims of sovereignty over the Paracels and Spratlys, the US position exposes any PRC EEZ-based South China Sea strategy to increased risks.
If China has to defy the world in the South China Sea, it's perhaps easier to defiantly hold the nine-dash-line than it is to immerse itself in a legal tangle to try and redraw EEZs with a group of angry and emboldened interlocutors based on questionable sovereignty claims. Therefore, the PRC will think twice about abandoning its long-standing nine-dash-line defense of its maritime claims - and there are indications it already has.
Good news for the United States, in my opinion, if China is unable to shake the nine-dash-line incubus. More conflict, more rancor, better PR, ample opportunities for the United States to step in as part of the international community "protecting the EEZ system", an extremely novel and significantly escalatory doctrine Senator Sheldon Whitehouse advanced during his visit to Vietnam with Senator John McCain. [5]
Take Whitehouse's declaration that the United States is the protector of the world EEZ regime, add Pedrozo's determination that the PRC has no sovereignty or EEZ rights in the South China Sea, and we have a fresh strategic and legal rationale for active US involvement in SCS EEZ disputes.
Or, to put it less charitably, combine dubious US doctrine and bullshit US lawyering (and the predictable assistance of a complaisant Western press and compliant allies) and the United States can unilaterally declare a compelling national interest to intervene in bilateral economic disputes thousands of miles from home ... and declare China an outlaw in its own maritime backyard!
That precious core interest in the South China Seas isn't yours, Mr Chicom. It's America's. Bwahahaha!
Clever ... if "clever" is defined as "institutionalizing conflict in the South China Sea instead of resolving it" and "ignoring the fact that national and international forces that cannot be reversed or controlled have been set in motion".
This might not turn out to be the US leadership for whichthe Association of Southeast Asian Nations is notoriously pining.
As to whether this is a US government stratagem, or just an initiative by the growing number of China hawks in the US military/security establishment, I guess time will tell. But both PRC and US hawks are stepping up their game in response to the perceived drift of the distracted Obama administration.
On the occasion of a close fly by by a Chinese fighter against a US surveillance plane (perhaps engaged in run of the mill surveillance flight but perhaps encroaching on a PLA military exercise), the Washington Times' Bill Gertz presented a hawks-eye view of USN China policy:
The
US-China close encounter also is a setback for Adm. Samuel Locklear, commander
of the US Pacific Command, who has been leading Obama administration efforts to
develop closer relations with the Chinese military.
Locklear has sought to play down the growing military threat from China as part of efforts to develop closer cooperation with the Chinese military.
The commander's dovish policies are being opposed by some in the Pentagon and Air Force who are concerned that the conciliatory approach will appease the Chinese at a time when Beijing has made aggressive territorial claims in the East China Sea and South China Seas. [6]
Locklear has sought to play down the growing military threat from China as part of efforts to develop closer cooperation with the Chinese military.
The commander's dovish policies are being opposed by some in the Pentagon and Air Force who are concerned that the conciliatory approach will appease the Chinese at a time when Beijing has made aggressive territorial claims in the East China Sea and South China Seas. [6]
The
hawk recipe is fighter plane escorts for surveillance aircraft, a
recapitulation of the "paramilitarization" of disputes with China (by
interposing US military assets between PRC ships and Vietnamese and Philippine
vessels) that was proposed by Carlyle Thayer in the South China Sea, [7] a
remedy that I think we'll be seeing more and more.
In any case, elements within the US government/think tank universe have developed: 1. the legal justification (the Pedrozo analysis); 2. the doctrinal imperative (what I call the Whitehouse Doctrine), and 3. the operational tactics ("paramilitarization") to confront the PRC as an EEZ outlaw in the South China Sea.
How and when this strategy is implemented is now a matter of speculation only. But, as PRC strength waxes and the US government sees its window of opportunity for effective rollback inexorably closing in the South China Sea, I think something will happen sooner rather than later.
Peter Lee writes on East and South Asian affairs and their intersection with US foreign policy.
In any case, elements within the US government/think tank universe have developed: 1. the legal justification (the Pedrozo analysis); 2. the doctrinal imperative (what I call the Whitehouse Doctrine), and 3. the operational tactics ("paramilitarization") to confront the PRC as an EEZ outlaw in the South China Sea.
How and when this strategy is implemented is now a matter of speculation only. But, as PRC strength waxes and the US government sees its window of opportunity for effective rollback inexorably closing in the South China Sea, I think something will happen sooner rather than later.
Peter Lee writes on East and South Asian affairs and their intersection with US foreign policy.
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