An unfortunate casualty of President Obama’s
cancelled trip to Asia was the missed opportunity to cement stronger U.S. ties
with Indonesia, the emerging giant of Southeast Asia. The bilateral
relationship will survive, of course, as will the “comprehensive partnership”
the two countries launched in 2010. But the president’s no-show for the Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in Bali deprived the United States
of a symbolic occasion to highlight how much unites these two boisterous
democracies. It also sowed doubts among
Indonesian elites about how seriously they should take the U.S. “pivot” to
Asia, at a time when the United States and China are offering competing visions
of the region’s future. The Obama administration should recall that the key to
success in diplomacy (as in life, according to Woody Allen) is mostly just
showing up.
When it comes to rising powers, most official and expert
attention has focused on Brazil, India, and especially China. But a singular
focus on the behemoth “BICs” ignores the economic dynamism and growing
political maturity of an emerging middle tier of countries in the
developing world. Among the most impressive is Indonesia, which since its
transition from dictatorship in 1999 has enjoyed not only political stability
but also impressive economic growth. Indeed, despite the global recession, its
economy grew more than 6 percent per annum
from 2008-2012, making it the world’s sixteenth largest today. Boasting the
world’s fourth biggest population, with some 250 million inhabitants, Indonesia
is also the largest Muslim-majority country and third most populous democracy
in the world (after India and the United States). Indonesia’s combination of
democratic stability, economic vitality, and strategic position astride
critical shipping lanes led the Center for New American Security and the German
Marshall Fund in 2012 to designate it one of four critical “global swing states” (along with Brazil, India,
and Turkey).
Viewed from the outside, Indonesia would seem poised to play
an influential role on both regional and global stages. But how are Indonesians
themselves coming to terms with their burgeoning power? Do elites in that
country have a coherent strategic view of their nation’s future within ASEAN,
much less wider Asia? What contributions is Indonesia prepared to make to
regional and global security? How do Indonesia’s daunting internal development
challenges influence its priorities for global trade and finance, including its
behavior as a member of the G20? Finally, what sort of long-term relationship
does Indonesia desire with the United States?
These questions were the focus of a fascinating workshop in
Jakarta this past June, titled “Emerging Indonesia: Implications for World
Order and International Institutions.” A detailed summary of this event, which
the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) co-sponsored with its host, the
Indonesian Centre for Strategic and International Studies
(CSIS), can be found online. But here are a few of the most salient
highlights:
- Indonesia is grappling with how to balance its regional commitments and global ambitions: For years, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has been the main platform for Indonesian foreign policy, and Indonesia comes closest to being the leader of that heterogeneous, ten-nation forum. Jakarta has shown leadership in seeking a code of conduct to defuse tensions in the South China Sea, and it will continue to rely on ASEAN as a vehicle to establish norms of peaceful coexistence and cooperation. At the same time, it is looking beyond that grouping to fulfill its broader international ambitions, including in the framework of the G20 and bilateral strategic partnerships with the Australia, Brazil, China, and the European Union, as well as the United States. Increasingly, Indonesia will act apart from, not simply as part of, ASEAN.
- Indonesia is punching below its weight on global security: If one hallmark of an emerging power is growing contributions to international order, Indonesia’s grade is “incomplete.” On the positive side, the nation has increased its contributions to UN peacekeeping, expressed vocal support for the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) norm, and been a strong advocate a Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone. Indonesia has also sponsored the Bali Democracy Forum, designed to help former authoritarian governments (including Arab nations) navigate the treacherous transition to democracy. Less helpfully, the nation has been largely silent in the face of the proliferation challenges posed by Iran and North Korea. Finally, participants remained divided on the practicality of the Indo-Pacific “Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation” that Jakarta proposed in May 2013, conceived as a parallel to ASEAN’s existing Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia.
- Jakarta views global trade and finance through the lens of its own development: Indonesia’s economic priority is sustaining a high rate of growth while continuing to reduce poverty and income inequality. Indonesia’s progress to date has been remarkable: Since 2006, the nation’s poverty rate has fallen from 18 to 12 percent, thanks in part to the largest community-driven development (CDD) program in the world. Its challenge now is to diversify from over-reliance on export commodities by reinvigorating its manufacturing base—something that will require major investments in human capital. Although Indonesia weathered the global economic downturn well, this shift to a higher-value-added economy will require attracting long-term foreign direct investment—in part by fighting corruption and streamlining bureaucratic impediments. Indonesia’s sustainable development will also require a much more vigorous approach to combatting deforestation, particularly illegal logging, that threatens to destroy one of the world’s largest remaining tropical forests.
Prospects for Indonesian-U.S. partnership have never been
brighter. When the United States first explored a comprehensive partnership
several years ago, suspicion about U.S. intentions was rife in Indonesia. This
initial wariness has subsided, however, given the broad congruence of
strategic, political, and economic interests between the two countries. The two
nations have recently expanded defense cooperation, as well as educational
exchanges, but much more remains to be done, particularly in building
commercial ties between the United States and Indonesia. (Bilateral trade
comprises just 10 percent of U.S. trade with ASEAN today). While no formal
alliance is on the horizon, particularly given Indonesia’s insistence on
retaining good relations with Beijing as well as Washington, the United States
has a golden opportunity to achieve a long-term partnership with a dynamic
fellow democracy and the linchpin of Southeast Asia.
by Stewart M. Patrick for “The Internationalist”
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